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Withers, R. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 16, — The birefringent properties of Quartz are of use in quarter-wave plates and in polarisers. However, Crystran Ltd. To download this data or our MSDS safety data sheet as a pdf, please click on the links at the top of the page. To expand the transmission graphs, please click on the image.
Quartz is mined naturally, but more commonly produced synthetically in large, long-faceted crystals. Quartz is positive birefringent. Be careful not to confuse terminology in this material, as "Fused Quartz" is often used to denote the glassy non-crystalline form better known as Silica.
Graphene was first isolated in by using tape to peel off thinner and thinner layers from graphite. It is essentially a single sheet one atom thick of graphite. Graphene, illustrated in Figure , is not only strong and lightweight, but it is also an excellent conductor of electricity and heat. These properties may prove very useful in a wide range of applications, such as vastly improved computer chips and circuits, better batteries and solar cells, and stronger and lighter structural materials.
Crystal Defects In a crystalline solid, the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern, but occasional defects may occur in the pattern. Several types of defects are known, as illustrated in Figure. Vacancies are defects that occur when positions that should contain atoms or ions are vacant. Less commonly, some atoms or ions in a crystal may occupy positions, called interstitial sites , located between the regular positions for atoms.
Other distortions are found in impure crystals, as, for example, when the cations, anions, or molecules of the impurity are too large to fit into the regular positions without distorting the structure. Trace amounts of impurities are sometimes added to a crystal a process known as doping in order to create defects in the structure that yield desirable changes in its properties.
For example, silicon crystals are doped with varying amounts of different elements to yield suitable electrical properties for their use in the manufacture of semiconductors and computer chips.
Key Concepts and Summary Some substances form crystalline solids consisting of particles in a very organized structure; others form amorphous noncrystalline solids with an internal structure that is not ordered. The main types of crystalline solids are ionic solids, metallic solids, covalent network solids, and molecular solids. The properties of the different kinds of crystalline solids are due to the types of particles of which they consist, the arrangements of the particles, and the strengths of the attractions between them.
Because their particles experience identical attractions, crystalline solids have distinct melting temperatures; the particles in amorphous solids experience a range of interactions, so they soften gradually and melt over a range of temperatures. Some crystalline solids have defects in the definite repeating pattern of their particles.
These defects which include vacancies, atoms or ions not in the regular positions, and impurities change physical properties such as electrical conductivity, which is exploited in the silicon crystals used to manufacture computer chips. At very low temperatures oxygen, O 2 , freezes and forms a crystalline solid. Which best describes these crystals?
As it cools, olive oil slowly solidifies and forms a solid over a range of temperatures. Which best describes the solid? Ice has a crystalline structure stabilized by hydrogen bonding.
These intermolecular forces are of comparable strength and thus require the same amount of energy to overcome. As a result, ice melts at a single temperature and not over a range of temperatures. The various, very large molecules that compose butter experience varied van der Waals attractions of various strengths that are overcome at various temperatures, and so the melting process occurs over a wide temperature range.
Identify the type of crystalline solid metallic, network covalent, ionic, or molecular formed by each of the following substances:. Classify each substance in the table as either a metallic, ionic, molecular, or covalent network solid:.
Identify the following substances as ionic, metallic, covalent network, or molecular solids:. Substance A is likely a n :. Substance B is likely a n :. Skip to content Liquids and Solids. Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Define and describe the bonding and properties of ionic, molecular, metallic, and covalent network crystalline solids Describe the main types of crystalline solids: ionic solids, metallic solids, covalent network solids, and molecular solids Explain the ways in which crystal defects can occur in a solid.
The entities of a solid phase may be arranged in a regular, repeating pattern crystalline solids or randomly amorphous. Ionic Solids Ionic solids , such as sodium chloride and nickel oxide, are composed of positive and negative ions that are held together by electrostatic attractions, which can be quite strong Figure.
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